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Compare Seychelles (2001) - Spratly Islands (2007)

Compare Seychelles (2001) z Spratly Islands (2007)

 Seychelles (2001)Spratly Islands (2007)
 SeychellesSpratly Islands
Administrative divisions 23 administrative districts; Anse aux Pins, Anse Boileau, Anse Etoile, Anse Louis, Anse Royale, Baie Lazare, Baie Sainte Anne, Beau Vallon, Bel Air, Bel Ombre, Cascade, Glacis, Grand' Anse (on Mahe), Grand' Anse (on Praslin), La Digue, La Riviere Anglaise, Mont Buxton, Mont Fleuri, Plaisance, Pointe La Rue, Port Glaud, Saint Louis, Takamaka -
Age structure 0-14 years:
28.27% (male 11,367; female 11,167)

15-64 years:
65.47% (male 25,453; female 26,737)

65 years and over:
6.26% (male 1,673; female 3,318) (2001 est.)		 -
Agriculture - products coconuts, cinnamon, vanilla, sweet potatoes, cassava (tapioca), bananas; broiler chickens; tuna fish -
Airports 14 (2000 est.) 3 (2007)
Airports - with paved runways total:
6

2,438 to 3,047 m:
1

914 to 1,523 m:
3

under 914 m:
2 (2000 est.)		 total: 2


914 to 1,523 m: 1


under 914 m: 1 (2007)
Airports - with unpaved runways total:
8

914 to 1,523 m:
4

under 914 m:
4 (2000 est.)		 total: 1


914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2007)
Area total:
455 sq km

land:
455 sq km

water:
0 sq km		 total: less than 5 sq km


land: less than 5 sq km


water: 0 sq km


note: includes 100 or so islets, coral reefs, and sea mounts scattered over an area of nearly 410,000 sq km of the central South China Sea
Area - comparative 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC NA
Background A lengthy struggle between France and Great Britain for the islands ended in 1814, when they were ceded to the latter. Independence came in 1976. Socialist rule was brought to a close with a new constitution and free elections in 1993. The Spratly Islands consist of more than 100 small islands or reefs. They are surrounded by rich fishing grounds and potentially by gas and oil deposits. They are claimed in their entirety by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam, while portions are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines. About 45 islands are occupied by relatively small numbers of military forces from China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Brunei has established a fishing zone that overlaps a southern reef but has not made any formal claim.
Birth rate 17.66 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) -
Budget revenues:
$249 million

expenditures:
$262 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)		 -
Capital Victoria -
Climate tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May) tropical
Coastline 491 km 926 km
Constitution 18 June 1993 -
Country name conventional long form:
Republic of Seychelles

conventional short form:
Seychelles		 conventional long form: none


conventional short form: Spratly Islands
Currency Seychelles rupee (SCR) -
Death rate 6.65 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) -
Debt - external $240 million (1999 est.) -
Diplomatic representation from the US the US does not have an embassy in Seychelles; the ambassador to Mauritius is accredited to Seychelles -
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission:
Ambassador Claude Sylvestre MOREL

chancery:
800 Second Avenue, Suite 400C, New York, NY 10017

telephone:
[1] (212) 972-1785

FAX:
[1] (212) 972-1786		 -
Disputes - international claims the Chagos Archipelago (UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory) all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts of them are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines; in 1984, Brunei established an exclusive fishing zone that encompasses Louisa Reef in the southern Spratly Islands but has not publicly claimed the reef; claimants in November 2002 signed the "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea," which has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code of conduct"; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands
Economic aid - recipient $16.4 million (1995) -
Economy - overview Since independence in 1976, per capita output in this Indian Ocean archipelago has expanded to roughly seven times the old near-subsistence level. Growth has been led by the tourist sector, which employs about 30% of the labor force and provides more than 70% of hard currency earnings, and by tuna fishing. In recent years the government has encouraged foreign investment in order to upgrade hotels and other services. At the same time, the government has moved to reduce the dependence on tourism by promoting the development of farming, fishing, and small-scale manufacturing. The vulnerability of the tourist sector was illustrated by the sharp drop in 1991-92 due largely to the Gulf war. Although the industry has rebounded, the government recognizes the continuing need for upgrading the sector in the face of stiff international competition. Other issues facing the government are the curbing of the budget deficit and further privatization of public enterprises. Growth slowed in 1998-2000, due to sluggish tourist and tuna sectors. Tight controls on exchange rates and the scarcity of foreign exchange have hindered short-term economic prospects. The black market value of the Seychelles ruppee is half the official exchange rate; without a devaluation of the currency the tourist sector should remain sluggish as vacationers seek cheaper destinations such as Comoros, Mauritius, and Madagascar. Economic activity is limited to commercial fishing. The proximity to nearby oil- and gas-producing sedimentary basins suggests the potential for oil and gas deposits, but the region is largely unexplored. There are no reliable estimates of potential reserves. Commercial exploitation has yet to be developed.
Electricity - consumption 148.8 million kWh (1999) -
Electricity - exports 0 kWh (1999) -
Electricity - imports 0 kWh (1999) -
Electricity - production 160 million kWh (1999) -
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel:
100%

hydro:
0%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)		 -
Elevation extremes lowest point:
Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point:
Morne Seychellois 905 m		 lowest point: South China Sea 0 m


highest point: unnamed location on Southwest Cay 4 m
Environment - current issues water supply depends on catchments to collect rainwater NA
Environment - international agreements party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified:
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol		 -
Ethnic groups Seychellois (mixture of Asians, Africans, Europeans) -
Exchange rates Seychelles rupees per US dollar - 6.0397 (November 2000), 5.6009 (2000), 5,3426 (1999), 5.2622 (1998), 5.0263 (1997), 4.9700 (1996) -
Executive branch chief of state:
President France Albert RENE (since 5 June 1977); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government:
President France Albert RENE (since 5 June 1977); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections:
president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 20-22 March 1998 (next to be held by NA 2003)

election results:
France Albert RENE reelected president; percent of vote - France Albert RENE (SPPF) 66.7%, Wavel RAMKALAWAN (UO) 19.5%, Sir James MANCHAM (DP) 13.8%		 -
Exports $111 million (f.o.b., 1999) -
Exports - commodities fish, cinnamon bark, copra, petroleum products (reexports) -
Exports - partners France, UK, Netherlands, Italy, China, Germany, Japan -
Fiscal year calendar year -
Flag description five oblique bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, red, white, and green (bottom) radiating from the bottom of the hoist side -
GDP purchasing power parity - $610 million (2000 est.) -
GDP - composition by sector agriculture:
3.1%

industry:
26.3%

services:
70.6% (1999)		 -
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $7,700 (2000 est.) -
GDP - real growth rate 1.5% (2000 est.) -
Geographic coordinates 4 35 S, 55 40 E 8 38 N, 111 55 E
Geography - note 40 granitic and about 50 coralline islands strategically located near several primary shipping lanes in the central South China Sea; includes numerous small islands, atolls, shoals, and coral reefs
Heliports - 3 (2007)
Highways total:
373 km

paved:
315 km

unpaved:
58 km (1997)		 -
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%:
NA%

highest 10%:
NA%		 -
Imports $440 million (c.i.f., 1999) -
Imports - commodities machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products, chemicals -
Imports - partners South Africa, UK, China, Singapore, France, Italy -
Independence 29 June 1976 (from UK) -
Industrial production growth rate NA% -
Industries fishing; tourism; processing of coconuts and vanilla, coir (coconut fiber) rope, boat building, printing, furniture; beverages -
Infant mortality rate 17.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) -
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 6% (1999 est.) -
International organization participation ACCT, ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, InOC, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OPCW, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer) -
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 1 (2000) -
Irrigated land NA sq km 0 sq km
Judicial branch Court of Appeal; Supreme Court; judges for both courts are appointed by the president -
Labor force 30,900 (1996) -
Labor force - by occupation industry 19%, services 71%, agriculture 10% (1989) -
Land boundaries 0 km 0 km
Land use arable land:
2%

permanent crops:
13%

permanent pastures:
0%

forests and woodland:
11%

other:
74% (1993 est.)		 arable land: 0%


permanent crops: 0%


other: 100% (2005)
Languages English (official), French (official), Creole -
Legal system based on English common law, French civil law, and customary law -
Legislative branch unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (34 seats - 25 elected by popular vote, 9 allocated on a proportional basis to parties winning at least ten percent of the vote; members serve five-year terms)

elections:
last held 20-22 March 1998 (next to be held by NA 2003)

election results:
percent of vote by party - SPPF 61.7%, UO 26.1%, DP 12.1%; seats by party - SPPF 30, UO 3, DP 1

note:
the 9 awarded seats are apportioned according to the share of each party in the total vote		 -
Life expectancy at birth total population:
70.69 years

male:
65.17 years

female:
76.37 years (2001 est.)		 -
Literacy definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
58%

male:
56%

female:
60% (1971 est.)		 -
Location Eastern Africa, group of islands in the Indian Ocean, northeast of Madagascar Southeastern Asia, group of reefs and islands in the South China Sea, about two-thirds of the way from southern Vietnam to the southern Philippines
Map references Africa Southeast Asia
Maritime claims contiguous zone:
24 NM

continental shelf:
200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone:
200 NM

territorial sea:
12 NM		 NA
Merchant marine total:
1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,353 GRT/7,638 DWT

ships by type:
cargo 1 (2000 est.)		 -
Military - note - Spratly Islands consist of more than 100 small islands or reefs of which about 45 are claimed and occupied by China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam
Military branches Army, Coast Guard, air wing, National Guard, Presidential Protection Unit, Police Force -
Military expenditures - dollar figure $13 million (FY93) -
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 2.8% (FY93) -
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49:
22,951 (2001 est.)		 -
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49:
11,452 (2001 est.)		 -
National holiday Constitution Day, 18 June (1993) -
Nationality noun:
Seychellois (singular and plural)

adjective:
Seychelles		 -
Natural hazards lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are rare; short droughts possible typhoons; numerous reefs and shoals pose a serious maritime hazard
Natural resources fish, copra, cinnamon trees fish, guano, undetermined oil and natural gas potential
Net migration rate -6.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) -
Political parties and leaders Democratic Party or DP [James MANCHAM]; Seychelles National Party or SNP (formerly the United Opposition or UO) [Wavel RAMKALAWAN]; Seychelles People's Progressive Front or SPPF [France Albert RENE] - the governing party -
Political pressure groups and leaders Roman Catholic Church; trade unions -
Population 79,715 (July 2001 est.) no indigenous inhabitants


note: there are scattered garrisons occupied by personnel of several claimant states
Population below poverty line NA% -
Population growth rate 0.49% (2001 est.) -
Ports and harbors Victoria -
Radio broadcast stations AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 2 (1998) -
Radios 42,000 (1997) -
Railways 0 km -
Religions Roman Catholic 90%, Anglican 8%, other 2% -
Sex ratio at birth:
1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.02 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
0.95 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.5 male(s)/female

total population:
0.93 male(s)/female (2001 est.)		 -
Suffrage 17 years of age; universal -
Telephone system general assessment:
effective system

domestic:
radiotelephone communications between islands in the archipelago

international:
direct radiotelephone communications with adjacent island countries and African coastal countries; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)		 -
Telephones - main lines in use 19,635 (1997) -
Telephones - mobile cellular 16,316 (1999) -
Television broadcast stations 2 (plus 9 repeaters) (1997) -
Terrain Mahe Group is granitic, narrow coastal strip, rocky, hilly; others are coral, flat, elevated reefs flat
Total fertility rate 1.83 children born/woman (2001 est.) -
Unemployment rate NA% -
Waterways none -
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